The Role of Emotional, Spiritual, and Social Intelligence on Entrepreneurship Intention of Informatics and Computer Students: Self-Leadership as a Mediating Variable
Sukris Sutiyatno
STMIK Bina Patria & Jl. R. Saleh No. 07 Magelang Central-Java Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v6-i4-10ABSTRACT:
Background: Entrepreneurship plays a strategic role in increasing a country's economic growth and can also provide new jobs so that it can reduce the number of unemployed. Objective: To reveal the effect of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and social intelligence on entrepreneurial intention through self-leadership as a mediating variable. Method: The study used a quantitative approach with survey methods, the sample consisted of 107 final year students majoring in informatics and computer at STMIK Bina Patria consisting of 48 males and 59 females. Data were collected by using a questionnaire and analyzed by using Partial Least Square (PLS). Results: Emotional intelligence influenced self-leadership. Spiritual intelligence influenced significantly on self-leadership. Social intelligence influenced self-leadership. Emotional intelligence influenced entrepreneurship intention. Self-leadership influenced directly on entrepreneurship intention. Social intelligence influenced directly entrepreneurship intention. Meanwhile, self-leadership can successfully mediate the influence of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and social intelligence on entrepreneurship intention. Conclusions: The results showed that emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and spiritual intelligence influenced the entrepreneurship intention mediated by self-leadership. This is an empirical confirmation of the strategic role of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and social intelligence in developing self-leadership to influence the entrepreneurial intention of the students.
KEYWORDS:
Spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, self-leadership, entrepreneurship intention
REFERENCES:
1) Adewale, A. S., Ghavifekr, S., & Daud, M. A. K. B. M. (2018). Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Higher Education Institutions: Implication for Effective Leadership. Educational Leader, 6, pp. 29–49.
2) Agustian, A. G. (2001). Rahasia sukses membangun kecerdasan emosi dan spiritual ESQ. Arga
3) Alamsyah, E., H., & Yulhendri. (2019). The effect of spiritual intelligence, social intelligence and knowledge of entrepreneurship to interest of business student’s Islamic boarding Dr. Muhammad Natsir. Third International Conference On Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (PICEEBA 2019). Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 97.
4) Archana, R., V., & Kumari, V. (2018). A Study on the influence of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurship intention. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119(12), pp. 14839-14851.
5) Ayuningtias, Hazirah., & Ekawati, S. ( 2015). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi minat berwirausaha pada mahasiswa fakultas ekonomi universitas tarumanagara. Jurnal Ekonomi, 20(1), p. 49-71.
6) Bowell RA. (2004). The Seven steps of spiritual intelligence: The practical pursuit of pPurpose, success and happiness. London (ENG): Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
7) Chien-Chi, C., et. al. (2021). Emotional competence, entrepreneurial self-efficiacy, and entrepreneurial intention: A study based on china college students’ social entrepreneurship project. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, pp. 1-13
8) Chen, W & Linan Yi, F. (2006). Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample. Departament d'Economia de l'Empresa: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències Econòmiques i Empresarials. 1-28 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/13283138.pdf
9) Cooper, R., K., & Sawaf, A. (1998). Executive EQ: Kecerdasan emosional dalam kepemimpinan dan organisasi. Jakarta: PT-Gramedia Pustaka Utama
10) Emmons, R. (2000). Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 10(1):57-64.
11) Fry, L.W., & Cohen, M.P. (2009). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hour cultures. J. Bus. Ethics, 84, pp. 265–278.
12) Feldman, D., A. (1999). The handbook of emotional intelligent leadership. Colorado: Leadership Performance Solution.
13) Gelard, P., & Emamisaleh, K. (2014). Investigation of the relationship between emotional Intelligence and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Management and Humanity Sciences, 3(7), 2620–2635.
14) Goleman, D. (2007). Social intelligence: Ilmu baru tentang hubungan antar manusia. Jakarta : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
15) Hair, FF. J., Black, C., Babin, J. B., & Anderson, E. R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. London: Pearson Education Limited.
16) Hardt, J., Scultz, S., Xander, C., Becker, G., & Draga, M. (2012). The spirituality questionnaire: Core dimensions spirituality. Psychology, 3,(1), pp. 116-122 Published Online January 2012 in SciRes (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/psych). DOI:10.4236/psych.2012.31017 https://www.scirp.org/pdf/PSYCH20120100004_80460437.pdf
17) Heggestad, E. D. (2008). A really big picture view of social intelligence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(1), 102-104.
18) Herawati, A., S., Kusumaningtyas, A., Nugroho, R., & Priyawan. (2020). The effect of spiritual quotient, self-leadership, and intellectual quotient on achievement motivation and lecturer performance in islamic higher education in Banjarmasin. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 9(3), pp. 55-62.
19) Ho, J & Nesbit, P., L. (2009). A refinement and extension of the self-leadership scale for the chinese context. Journal of Managerial Psychology, (24), 5, pp. 450-476.
20) Houghton, J. D., & Yoho, S. K. (2005). Toward a contingency model of leadership and psychological empowerment: when should self-leadership be encouraged? Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(4), 65–83. L
21) Houghton, J., D., Dawly, D., & DiLiello, T., C. (2012). The abbreviated self-leadership questionnaire (ASLQ): A more concise measure of self-leadership. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(2). 216-232 https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol7iss2/IJLS_Vol7Iss2_Houghton_pp216-232.pdf
22) Irawati, M., D., & Fauziah, N. (2018). Hubungan antara kecerdasan emosi dengan motivasi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa program studi administrasi bisnis Universitas Diponegoro. Jurnal Empati (7), 3, pp.63-72
23) Jackson & Lola Jean. (2004). Self-leadership through business decision-making models, Disertasi, University of Phoenix.
24) Jin, B. (2020). The Practical Intelligence of Social Entrepreneurs: Managing the hybridity of social enterprises. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2018-0007
25) Karimi, H., & Ataei, P. (2022). The effect of entrepreneurship ecosystem on the entrepreneurial skills of agriculture students: The mediating role of social intelligence and emotional intelligence (The case of Zabol University, Iran). Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03479-z
26) Konradt, et. al. (2009). Self-leadership in organizational teams: A multilevel analysis of moderators and mediators. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(3), pp. 322-346
27) Laborde, S., Lautenbach, F., Allen, M. S., Herbert, C., & Achtzehn, S. (2014). The role of trait emotional intelligence in emotion regulation and performance under pressure. Personality and Individual Differences, 57, 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.013
28) Manz, C.C. & Sims, H.P. 2011. The new super-leadership: leading others to lead themselves. California: Berrett-Koehler Publications
29) Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In Handbook of intelligence (pp. 396–420). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807947.019
30) Miroslav, F & Zuzana, B. (2014). Measuring Social Intelligence-The MESI methodology. Asian Social Science, 10(6), pp. 90-97. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n6p90 . URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n6p90
31) Mortana et. al. (2014). Effects of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30, pp.97-104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2014.11.004
32) Muhani, S., Baga, L.M., & Triyonggo, Y. (2019). Pengaruh kecerdasan spiritual terhadap minat berwirausaha mahasiswa IPB menggunakan metode regresi linear. Tadbir Muwahhid, 3(2), 119-132. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jtm.v3i2.1869
33) Nursiah et. al. (2020). The role of intellectual, emotional and spiritual intelligence towards entrepreneurial intention among TVET students Indonesia and Malaysia. Prosiding International TVET Academic Research Conference, (ITARC) 20 Februari 2020, Politeknik Nilai Negeri Sembilan Malaysia.
34) Oktaviani et al. (2022). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepemimpinan diri terhadap kinerja adaptif selama krisis: Peran mediasi pemberdayaan psikologi. Fair Value : Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan 4(8), https://journal.ikopin.ac.id/index.php/fairvalue
35) Rachmawati, E., Mujanah, S., & Retnaningsih, W. (2018). Pengaruh self-leadership, kecerdasan sosial, employee ability terhadap komitmen organisasional, pemberdayaan perempuan dna perlindungan anak kota surabaya. JMM17 Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi & Manajemen September, 5 (2), pp.1-10.
36) Radiman, Sukiman, & Agus, R. (2021). The effect o emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence towards intention in entrepreneurship college student. Proceeding International Seminar on Islamic Studies, (2) 1, Medan, January 27-28, 2021
37) Rodrigues, AP, Jorge, FE, Pires, CA, & Antonio, P. (2019). The contribution of emotional intelligence and spirituality in understanding creativity and entrepreneurial intention of higher education students. Education + Training.
38) Samul, J. (2020). Emotional and spiritual intelligence of future leaders: challenges for education. Educ. Sci. 10, (178) pp. 1-10, doi:10.3390/educsci10070178.
39) Setiadi, F. (2020). Pengaruh kecerdasan emosi terhadap kepeimpinan efektif. Jurnal Transaksi, 12 (1)
40) Singh MP, Sinha J. Impact of spiritual intelligence on quality of life. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication,3(5), pp.1-5
41) Sterrett, E., A. (2000). The manager’s pocket guide to emotional intelligence. Amherst: HRD Press
42) Sumardi. (2007). Password menuju sukses. Jakarta: Erlangga
43) Suryana. (2003). Kewirausahaan. Jakarta: Salemba Empat
44) Tabatabaei, Z., Ojinejad, H. R., & Ghaltash, A. (2015). The relationship between social intelligence with entrepreneurship skills and creativity among technical high school students in Shiraz. Quarterly Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 6(1), pp. 85–102.
45) Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 15(6), pp.595–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995452
46) Zampetakis, L. A., and Moustakis, V. (2006). Linking creativity with entrepreneurial intentions: a structural approach. Int. Entrep. Manag. J. 2, pp.413–428.
47) Zimmerer, W.T. 2008. Essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management. Third Edition. New York: Prentice-Hall.
48) Zimmerer, Thomas W. dan Norman Scarborough, (2007). Pengantar Kewirausahaan dan Manajemen Bisnis Kecil. Jakarta: Gramedia
49) Vaughan, F.(2002). What is spiritual intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42, pp.16–33, doi:10.1177/0022167802422003.
50) Wei, X., Liu, X., & Sha, J. (2019). How does the entrepreneurship education influence the students’ innovation? Testing on the multiple mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557
51) Wen et al. (2020). The Relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial self-efficacy of chinese vocational college students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17 (4511), pp. 1-18, doi:10.3390/ijerph17124511 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
52) Wilson, J. H. (2014). Empowering excellence: The relationship of employee self-leadership and psychological empowerment with performance and job satisfaction. Regent University.
53) Windy, N., M., Burhanudin, & Jahroh, S. (2022). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Competency on The Performance of Culinary SMES in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. Matrik: Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan,16(2), pp. 281-292. https://doi.org/10.24843/MATRIK:JMBK.2022.v16.i02.p08
54) Zohar, D., & Marshal, I. (2005). Spiritual capital. Jakarta: Mizan