JEFMS Journal

ABSTRACT:

In recent times it has been observed that poor performance of employees at work is as a result of some form of workplace hostility such as discrimination and bullying. The study sought to examine the relationships between workplace hostility and Job performance of minorities using gender discrimination, ethnical discrimination and religious discrimination as independent variables that are exhibited by the employees of the selected Nigerian force, 222 battalion of the Nigerian army, Ughelli area command, and Nigerian Navy ship, these Nigerian law enforcement agencies was used as the case study. This study adopted a survey research design. Primary data were collected using the questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while the hypothesis was tested using the Pearson product-moment correlation (PPMC) at 0.05 level of significant. The study revealed that there is significant relationship between gender, religious and ethnical discrimination and job performance of minorities(employees). It was study it was concluded that workplace hostility has negative influence on job performance of minorities. It was recommended that training programs for personnel in the Nigerian force (Army, police and navy), and enforcement of policies by the Nigerian force, so that the nefarious act of discrimination will be gradually reduced and eliminated.

KEYWORDS:

Hostility, Discrimination, Minorities, Workplace, Job Performance

REFERENCES:

1) Adamade, S. S. (2019). Quality of work life, working conditions and public servants’ performance in Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Labour Law Review, 3(4), 43-59.

2) Adenuga, O. A. (2019). Bullying at workplace: Coping strategies. African Journal of Research in Personal and Counseling Psychology, 1(1), 153-158.

3) Alexander, K. (2018). Abusive supervision as a predictor of deviance and health outcomes: the exacerbating role of narcissism and social support. Graduate College of Bowling Green State University

4) An, F., & Wang, B. (2016). Abusive and Counterproductive Work Behavior: Moderating Effect of Negative Affectivity. Journal of Service Science and Management, 9(1), 66-73. doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2016.91009

5) Anuwa-Amarh, E. (2015). Understanding the Urban Informal Economy in Ghana: A Survey Report. Accra: Friedrich Ebert Sifting,

6) Arubayi, D. O., Eromafuru E. D., & Egbule A.C.S. (2020). Human resource development and employee performance: the role of individual absorptive capacity in the Nigerian oil sector. Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 23(2), 1-15.

7) Bayram, N., Gursakal, N. & Bilgel, N. (2019). Counterproductive Work Behavior Among White-Collar Employees: A study from Turkey. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17,180-188.

8) Berry, C.M., Carpenter, N.C., & Barratt, C.L. (2021). Do other-reports of counterproductive work behaviour provide an incremental contribution over self-reports? A meta- analytic comparison. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 613–636.

9) Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2017). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 410–424.

10) Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (2015). The Study of Revenge in the Workplace: Conceptual, Ideological, and Empirical Issues.

11) Bilkis, A., Habib, S. B. & Sharmin, T. (2010). A Review of Discrimination in Employment and Workplace. ASA University Review, 4(2), 137-150

12) Brehm, S. S. (2021). Oppositional behavior in children: A reactance theory approach. Developmental social psychology: Theory and research, 96-121.

13) Chavez, L. J., et al., (2018). Racial/ethnic workplace discrimination: Association with tobacco and alcohol use. American journal of preventive medicine, 48(1), 42-49..

14) Colakoglu, U., Culha, U. & Atay, H. (2010). The effects of perceived organizational support on employees’ affective outcomes: Evidence from the hotel industry. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 16(2), 125-150.

15) Deshwal, P. (2016). Impact of workplace discrimination on organizational performance. International journal of advanced research in management and social sciences, 5(1), 173-182.

16) Dwomoh, G and Owusu, E.E (2019), Workplace Discrimination: Does It Negatively Affect Employees’ Performance In Ghana? International Journal of Business and Management Tomorrow. Society for Promoting International Research and Innovation. Vol.2 (5).

17) Dixit, V. & Bhati, M. (2016). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact on Sustained Productivity in Indian Auto-Component Industry. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(6), 34 – 51.

18) El-Haddad, A. (2019). Labor market gender discrimination under structural adjustment: The case of Egypt. SRC/CIDA research program on gender and work.2 (1). 45-76

19) Gamer, I. (2016), ‘‘The retaliatory harassment claim: expanding employer liability in Title VII lawsuits’’, 3 Seton Hall Circuit Review, No. 269.

20) Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2020). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th edn). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

21) Haq, U.I. (2011). The Impact of Interpersonal Conflict on Job Outcomes: Mediating Role of Perception of Organizational Politics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 25, 287 – 310. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.549.

22) Harris, K. J., Harvey, P., Harris, R. B., & Cast, M. (2013). An investigation of abusive supervision, vicarious abusive supervision, and their joint impacts. Journal of Social Psychology, 153, 38–50.

23) Harper, D. (2020). Spotlight abuse-save profits. Industrial Distribution, 79, 47–51.

24) Haug, J. (2014). Critical Overview of the Urban Informal Economy. Accra: Friedrich Ebert Sifting. Hostile Work Environment, Interpersonal Conflict and Counterproductive Work Behavior

25) Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupre, K. E., Inness, M., et al. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 228–238.

26) Hoel, H. & Cooper, C. (2020). Destructive conflicts and bullying at work. Unpublished Reports, Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.

27) Illie, A., Penney, M. L., Ispas, D., & Iliescu, D. (2021). The Role of Trait Anger in the Relationship between Stressors and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Convergent Findings from Multiple Studies and Methodologies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61 (3), 415–436. Doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00476.x

28) Judge, T. A. & Klinger, R. (2017). Job satisfaction: Subjective well-being at work. In R. Larsen (Ed.), The science of subjective well-being, (pp. 393-413). New York: Guilford Press.

29) Lawler, J. and Bae, J. (2018), ‘‘Overt employment discrimination by multinational firms: cultural and economic influences in a developing country’’, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 126-52.

30) Lv, D. M., Ning, S. & Hong, S. (2016). A model of abusive supervision, self-efficacy and work engagement among registered nurses’: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Advanced Nursing.

31) Martinko, M.J., Gundlach, M.J. & Douglas, S.C. (2002). Toward and Integrative Theory of Counterproductive Workplace Behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 36–50.

32) Mattioli, D. (2010). The other harassment victims: Men, News and Trends, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704117304575137881438719028 .html

33) Michie, S. (2009). Pride and Gratitude. Hoe positive emotions influence the prosocial behaviors of organizational leaders. Journal of Leadership and Organizational studies, 15 (4), 393- 403. DOI: 10.1177/1548051809333338

34) Mogaji, A. A. (2017). Effects of organizational climate on employees’ commitment, involvement and motivation in some Nigerian manufacturing industries. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Lagos.

35) Nunez-Smith, M., et al. (2019). Health care workplace discrimination and physician turnover. Journal of the National Medical Association, 101(12), 1274-1282.

36) Okechukwu, C. A., Souza, K., Davis, K. D., & de Castro, A. B. (2014). Discrimination, harassment, abuse, and bullying in the workplace: Contribution of workplace injustice to occupational health disparities. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(5), 573-586.

37) Okurame, D. E. (2019). Mentoring and Organizational Constraints as Predictors of Attitudes to Work in the Nigerian Public Health Sector. Journal of Health & Human Services Administration, 32(3), 342-371.

38) Owoyemi, O. & Sheehan, M. (2021). Exploring workplace bullying in an Emergency Service Organization in the UK. International Journal of Business and management, 6 (3), 3-4.

39) Ramanauskas, K. (2016). The impact of the manager's workplace discrimination on organizational performance. Management theory and studies for rural business and infrastructure development, 38(1), 58-69.

40) Reavley, N. J., Jorm, A. F., & Morgan, A. J. (2016). Discrimination and Positive Treatment Toward People with Mental Health Problems in Workplace and Education Settings: Findings From an Australian National Survey.

41) Russell, H., Quinn, E., O’Riain, R. & McGinnity, F. (2018). The experience of discrimination in Ireland. Analysis of the QNHS equality module. Dublin: The Economic and Social Research Institute in association with The Equality Authority.

42) Saari, L. M. & Judge, T. A. (2014). Employee attitudes and job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395-407.

43) Sanchez, J. I. & Brock, P. (2016). Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees: Is diversity management a luxury or a necessity? Academy of Management Journal, 39, 704–719.

44) Sharma, M., (2017). Organizational effectiveness, business management ideas

45) Shea, R. and Burak, M. (2017), ‘‘Why retaliation claims are on the rise and what employers can do about it’’, available at: www.mbbp.com/resources/employment/retaliation_claims.html

46) Sulea, C., Fine, S., Fischmann, G., Sava, A. F., & Dumitru, C. (2013). Abusive Supervision and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Moderating effects of Personality. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 12 (4): 196-200. DOI: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000097.

47) Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59: 101-123

48) Thomas, D. A., & Alderfer, C. P. (2019). The influence of race on career dynamics: theory and research on minority career experiences. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall, & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. U.S. Equal employment opportunity commission, office of research, information, and planning.

49) Triana, M., García, M. F. & Colella, A. (2020) Managing diversity: How organizational efforts to support diversity moderate the effects of perceived racial discrimination on affective commitment. Personnel Psychology, 63, 817–843.

50) Ugoani, J.N.N. (2016). Workplace discrimination and organizational competitiveness: management model approach.

51) Valentine, S. R., & Rittenburg, T. L. (2007). The ethical decision making of men and women executives in international business situations. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(2), 125- 134.

52) Vartia, M. (2021). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 27, 63-69.

53) Wayne, F. C. (2015). Managing human resource, productivity, quality of work life, Profits, McGraw Hill Internationals (4th edition).

54) Wells, S. C., & Wollack, J. A. (2003). An Instructor’s Guide to Understanding Test Reliability. Testing & Evaluation Services publication: University of Wisconsin.

55) Wiltshire, J., Bourdage, S. J., & Lee, K. (2014). Honesty-Humility and Perceptions of Organizational Politics in Predicting Workplace Outcomes. Journal of Business Psychology, 29: 235–251. DOI 10.1007/s10869-013-9310-0

56) Yan, Y., Zhou, E., Long, L., & Ji, Y. (2014). The influence of workplace ostracism on counterproductive work behavior: the mediating effect of state self-control. Social behavior and personality, 42(6), 881-890. doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.6.881.

57) Zick, A, Pettigrew, T.F., & Wagner, U. (2018). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Europe. Journal of social issues, 64(2), 233-251 is study are reliable.