JEFMS Journal

ABSTRACT:

This study empirically examined violent conflict and household income in Rivers state, Nigeria with secondary data sourced from various publications of World Bank Nigeria - General Household Survey, Panel 2019-2020, Wave 3 (2020). This study employed descriptive statistics, test and Granger Causality test. The empirical result showed that: the level of household expenditures on food in River State is higher than expenditures on non-food items. The result also showed that there is a bidirectional relationship between household expenditure on food and household expenditure on non-food; and a positive correlation between intensity of armed conflict and household economic in Rivers state. This study concludes that armed conflict is detrimental to household income and welfare in Rivers state. This study recommends that Nigeria president through the security agencies should intervene in the region, and community vigilante groups should be encouraged and collaborate with the government security agencies to establish sustainable peace in the region.

KEYWORDS:

Violent Conflict, Household Income, Household Expenditure, Granger Causality Test

REFERENCES:

1) Abidoye, B. & Cali, M. (2014), Income shocks and conflict: Evidence from Nigeria. The World Bank Publication.

2) Avery, W. &Rapkin, D. (1986), World Markets and Political Instability within Less Developed Countries, Sage Publications, Ltd, 21(2):99-117

3) Babatunde O. A, & Cali, M, (2015), Income Shocks and Conflict: Evidence from Nigeria Conflict Studies: Intra-State Conflict eJournal 33(3):78-98

4) Blattman, C., & Miguel, E., (2009). From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda. American Political Science Review 103(2): 231–47

5) Breetzke, G. D. (2010). A socio-structural analysis of crime in the city of Tshwane, South Africa; South African Journal of Science, 106(11/12):41-47.

6) Bruck, T., Errico, M., &Pietrelli, R., (2018). The effects of violent conflict on household resilience and food security: Evidence from the 2014 Gaza conflict. Household in conflict network working paper 269.

7) Collier, P., &Anke H., (1998). On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford Economic Papers 50(4):63-73

8) Dunmoye, R. A., (2013). General Survey of Conflicts in the Middle Belt Zone. In Africa Peace Review, Special Edition, Journal of Centre for Peace Research and Conflict, 23-44

9) Gbeneme, K. F. (2017). Deprived communities and juvenile delinquency: the collapse of community social control mechanism in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Policy. 3(1):77-93

10) Hegre, H. and Sambanis, N. (2006). Sensitivity analysis of empirical results on civil war onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 5(5)508–535.

11) Homer-Dixon, T. (1995). The Ingenuity Gap: Can Poor Countries Adapt to Resource Scarcity? Population and Development Review 21(5): 587-612

12) Irobi, G. (2005). Ethnic Conflict Management in Africa: A comparative Case Study of Nigeria and South Africa, Conflict Research Consortium: University ofColorado

13) Iyoboyi, M. and Latifah, P. (2014). Economic growth and conflicts: evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies. 5(2):116-144

14) Kubrin, C. E, &Jame, C. W, (2016). Social disorganization theory’s greatest challenge: linking structural characteristics to crime in socially disorganized communities. The Handbook of Criminological Theory, First Edition. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

15) Lawal, M. M. (2017).Spatial clustering and diffusion of occurrence of violence against civilians in Nigeria from 1999 to 2015.Port Harcourt Journal of Social Sciences. 7(4):73-84

16) OECD. (2016). States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence. Paris: OECD.

17) Onyeiwu, S. (2004). On the Economic Determinants of Violent Conflict in Africa: Preliminary Evidence from Nigeria, Helsinki: Finland

18) Pieter, S. &Marijke, V. (2013). The impact of armed conflict on economic performance: evidence from Rwanda. Journal of conflict resolution: research on war and peace between and within nations-38(1):1-38

19) Rambaldi Alicia and Doran, Howard, Application of Linear time-Varying Constraints: A Different Approach,” University of New England 9(5):2-25

20) Ronnie L. and Mayer, J. (1996), Global Civil Society and Global Environmental Governance Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

21) Smith, D. (2004). Trends and Causes of Armed Conflict (Ed). New York: Penguin Press

22) National Population Commission (2018). “Population” November, 2018 https://www.population.gov.ng

23) World Bank, (2015). “Conflict, Security and Development.” World Development Report. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8439-8

24) World Bank Nigeria, Nigeria (2017). “General Household Survey, Panel 2015-2016, Wave 3” https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/April 2018