An Empirical Investigation of Companies in an Emerging Economy of Financing Options for Non-Financial Companies in Relation to the Shareholder Value, The Case Study of Nigeria
Ayodeji B. Owoeye (PhD)
Royal Agricultural University, School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Stroud Rd, Cirencester GL7 6JS.
https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v6-i2-40ABSTRACT:
Purpose: In order to contribute to the discussion that there are major differences in the financing alternatives accessible in developed and developing economies, this paper examines the relationship between a firm's financing options and shareholders' value in the context of emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach: This study analysed characteristics that could help determine how firms in Nigeria finance their operations and possibly generate value for shareholders by drawing on market timing theory and panel data regression estimation. For the years between 2007 and 2016, information from 87 non-financial companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange was used (10 years). Findings: We discover that businesses prefer equity-based financing because it increases shareholder value. The Hausman test result showed that the fixed-effects model was adequate, and the model's outcomes also closely matched those of the panel regression estimate to firmly support our findings.
REFERENCES:
1) Alam, A., Uddin, M., and Yazdifar, H. (2017), “Financing behaviour of R&D investment in the emerging markets: the role of
alliance and financial system“, R & D Management, 1-12
2) Abel, E. E, (2008),"Firm size and corporate financial-leverage choice in a developing economy: Evidence from Nigeria", The
Journal of Risk Finance, Vol. 9 Iss: 4 pp. 351 – 364
3) Adelegan, O.J. and Ariyo, N. (2008), “Capital market imperfection and corporate investment behaviour: A switching
regression approach using panel data for Nigeria manufacturing firm“, Journal of money, investment and banking, Vol. 2,
pp.16-34.
4) Adesina, J. B et al. (2015), “Capital structure and financial performance in Nigeria“, International journal of business and
social research, Vol.5, Iss.2.
5) Agarwal, S. and Mohtadi H. (2004), “Financial Markets and the financing choice of firms: Evidence from developing
countries“, Global financial Journal, Vol. 15
6) Akhtar, S. and Oliver, B. (2009), “Determinants of capital structure for Japanese multinational and domestic corporations“,
International review of finance, Vol.9, pp.1-26.
7) Alicia M. R and David T. R. (2012), “The capital structure decisions of new firms“, Oxford University Press on behalf of the
society for financial studies.
8) Alicia M. R and David T. R. (2014), “The capital structure decisions of new firms“, Rev. finance stud. Vol.27 (1): pp153-179.
9) Alves, P. and Francisco, P. (2013), “The impact of institutional environment in firms´ capital structure during the recent
financial crises“,
10) Alves. P., Ferreira, M. (2011), “Capital structure and law around the world“, Journal of multinational financial management
Vol.21, p119-150.
11) Alqatamin, R., Aribi, Z. and Arun, T. (2017), "The effect of CEOs’ characteristics on forward-looking information", Journal
of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 402-424. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-03-2016-0027
12) Ameer, R. (2013), “Financial liberalization and firms’ capital structure adjustments evidence from Southeast Asia and South
America: Journal of economics and finance“, Vol. 37, pp.1-32.
13) Arowoshegbe, A.O and Emeni, F.K (2014), “Shareholders wealth and debt-equity mix of quoted company in Nigeria“,
Journal of financial research; Vol.5 no 1.
14) Atiyet, B. A (2012), “The impact of financing decision on the shareholder value creation“, Journal of business studies
quarterly, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 44-63.
15) Bevan, A. and Danbolt, J. (2002), “Capital structure and its determinants in the UK – a decompositional analysis”, Applied
Financial Economics, Vol. 12, pp. 159-70.
16) Bento, R., Mertins, F., and White, L., (2017), “Ideology and the Balanced Scorecard: An Empirical Exploration of the Tension
Between Shareholder Value Maximization and Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics“, 142(4), pp.769–
789. 10.1007/s10551-016-3053-6.
17) Bedendo, M and Siming, L., (2018), “The mitigating effect of bank financing on shareholder value and firm policies
following rating downgrades“, Journal of Corporate Finance, 48(C), pp.94–108. 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.10.019.
18) Bhole, L. M. and Mahakud, J. (2004), “Trends and determinants of corporate capital structure in India: A panel data
analysis“, finance India, Vol.18, pp. 37–55.
19) Booth, L. et al. (2001), “Capital structures in developing countries“, Journal of Finance, Vol. 56 No.1, pp.87-130.
20) Chen, J.J. (2004), “Determinants of capital structure of Chinese-listed companies“, Journal of business research, Vol.57,
pp.1341-1351.
21) Cheong, F.C (2015), “Equity Financing and Debt Financing“, Department of Management Accounting and Finance, School
of Business, Macao Polytechnic Institute.
22) Crowther, D. and Lancaster, G. (2009), “Research methods, a concise introduction to research in management and
business consultancy“, 2
nd edition: Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.
23) Colicev, A. et al., (2018), “Improving Consumer Mindset Metrics and Shareholder Value through Social Media: The
Different Roles of Owned and Earned Media“, Journal of Marketing, 82(1), pp.37–56. 10.1509/jm.16.0055.
24) Davis, L.E., (2018), “Financialization and the non-financial corporation: An investigation of firm-level investment behavior
in the United States“, [online]. Metroeconomica, 69(1), pp.270–307. Available at:
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1983242615/
25) Deesomsak, et al. (2004), “The determinants of capital structure, evidence from the Asia Pacific region“, Journal of
Multinational Financial Management, Vol. 14, pp.387-405.
26) Djoutsa Wamba, L., Braune, E. and Hikkerova, L. (2018), "Does shareholder-oriented corporate governance reduce firm
risk? Evidence from listed European companies", Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 295-311.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-02-2017-0033
27) Efayena, O. (2007), “The determinant of capital structure of business firms in Nigeria“, PhD thesis submitted to University
of Benin: (unpublished).
28) Eriotis, N. et al. (2007), “How firm characteristics affect capital structure, an empirical study“, Managerial finance. Vol.33,
pp 321-331.
29) ElKelish, W. and Hassan, M. (2015), "Corporate governance disclosure and share price accuracy: Empirical evidence from
the United Arab Emirates", Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 265-286.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-02-2013-0015
30) Elsayed, N. and Elbardan, H. (2018), "Investigating the associations between executive compensation and firm
performance: Agency theory or tournament theory", Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 245-270.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-03-2015-0027
31) Ezeoha, A. E. (2008), “Firm size and corporate financial leverage choice in developing economy“, The Journal of risk finance,
Vol.9, pp.351-364.
32) Fama, E and Macbeth, J. (1973), “Risk return and equilibrium, empirical tests“, Journal of political economy, Vol.81 pp.36-
607.
33) Fama, E. and French, K. (2005), “Financial decisions, who issues stock“, Journal of financial economics, Vol.76, pp.549-582.
34) Faulkender, M. and Petersen, M.A. (2006), “Does the source of capital affect capital structure?” The Review of Financial
Studies, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 45-79.
35) Fernandez, P (2001), “A definition of shareholder value creation“, Working paper series, IESE business school.
36) Gaio, C. and Pinto, I. (2018), "The role of state ownership on earnings quality: evidence across public and private European
firms", Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 312-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-07-2016-0067
37) Gopalan, R. et al (2013), “Debt maturity structure and credit quality“, Journal of financial and quantitative analysis,
forthcoming.
38) Graham, J.R and Harvey C.R (2001), “The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field“, Journal of
financial economics, 60(2), 187-243.
39) Guerreiro, A., (2016), “Impact of IS/IT Investments on Firm Performance: Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter?
“, Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation, 19(2), pp.99–111.
40) Harris, M. and Raviv, A. (1991), ‘The theory of capital structure“, Journal of finance, vol. 49, pp 297-385.
41) Haji, A. and Mohd Ghazali, N. (2018), "The role of intangible assets and liabilities in firm performance: empirical evidence",
Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-12-2015-0108
42) Hovakinmian et al. (2004), “Determinants of target capital structure: The case of dual debt and equity issues“, Journal of
financial economics Vol. 71, pp.517-54.
43) Hogarth, K., Hutchinson, M., and Scaife, W., (2018), “Corporate Philanthropy, Reputation Risk Management and
Shareholder Value: A Study of Australian Corporate giving“, Journal of Business Ethics, 151(2), pp.375–390.
10.1007/s10551-016-3205-8.
44) Karadeniz, E. et al. (2009), “Determinants of capital structure, evidence from Turkish lodging companies“, International
journal of contemporary hospitality management, Vol.21, pp.594-609.
45) Kashmiri, S and Mahajan, V., (2017), “Values that Shape Marketing Decisions: Influence of Chief Executive Officers’ Political
Ideologies on Innovation Propensity, Shareholder Value, and Risk“, Journal of Marketing Research, 54(2), pp.260–278.
10.1509/jmr.14.0110.
46) Lawal, A. I. (2014), “Capital structure and the value of the firm: Evidence from the Nigeria banking industry“, Journal of
accounting and management, Vol.4 no.1
47) Lemma, T. and Negash, M. (2014), "Determinants of the adjustment speed of capital structure“, Evidence from developing
economies", Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 64-99. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-03-2012-
0023
48) Lehner, O., Harrer, T. and Quast, M. (2019), "Building institutional legitimacy in impact investing: Strategies and gaps in
financial communication and discourse", Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 416-438.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-01-2018-0001
49) Madhavi, E. & Prasad, M., (2015), “Assessing Corporate Performance with Measures of Value Added as Key Drivers of
Shareholder Wealth: An Empirical Study“, IUP Journal of Business Strategy, 12(4), pp.19–34.
50) Marimuthu, M., (2017), “Ownership Structure and Firm Value: An Insider Ownership Effect“, Global Business and
Management Research, 9(1s), pp.658–665.
51) Maina, L. and Ishmail, M. (2014), “Capital structure and financial performance in Kenya: Evidence from firms listed at the
Nairobi securities exchange“, International journal of social sciences and entrepreneurship, 1 (11), 209-223.
52) Majuhid, M. and Akhtar, K (2014), “Impact of capital structure on firms’ financial performance and shareholders wealth“,
Textile sector of Pakistan; International journal of learning and development, Vol. 4, no. 2.
53) Mbulawa, S (2014), “Determinant of capital structure choice in Zimbabawean corporate sector“, Revised new proposal
submitted to the African research consortium.
54) Mehta, A. M (2014), “Myth vs. Fact; Influence of Financial Leverage on Shareholder’s Return: an empirical study of sugar
sector of Pakistan“, Journal of finance and bank management, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 105-114.
55) Modigliani, F. and Miller, M. (1963), “Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital, a correction“, American economic
review, Vol.53, pp. 43-433.
56) Mostafa, H.T and Boregowda, S (2014), “A brief review of capital structure theories“, Research Journal of recent sciences,
Vol 3(10), 113-118.
57) Miglietta, N., Battisti, E., and Garcia-Perez, A., (2018), “Shareholder value and open innovation: evidence from Dividend
Champions“, Management Decision, 56(6), pp.1384–1397. 10.1108/MD-04-2017-0408.
58) Min, B.S. & Smyth, R., (2016), “How does leverage affect R&D intensity and how does R&D intensity impact on firm value
in South Korea? “, Applied Economics, 48(58), pp.5667–5675.
59) Myres S.C and Majluf, N.(1984), “Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that
investors do not have, Journal of financial Economics“, 13, 187-221.
60) Myers, S. C. (2001), “Capital structure“, The Journal of economic perspectives, Vol.15 pp.81-102.
61) Ni, J. and Yu, M. (2008), “Testing pecking-order theory“, The Chinese economy, Vol.41 pp.97-113.
62) Nosa, and Ose, (2010), “Capital structure and corporate performance in Nigeria: An empirical investigation“, Journal of
management sciences, Vol 1, Issue 1, 43-52.
63) Nwankwo, O (2014), “Effects of capital structure of Nigeria firms on economic growth: Mediterranean journal of social
sciences, Vol. 5 no. 1.
64) Okoyeuzu, C. R. (2010), “The Financing Behaviour of Firms in a Developing Economy“, The Nigerian scenario. Euro
Economica, 26(3).
65) Öztekin, Ö. (2013), “Capital structure decisions around the world: Which factors are reliably important“, Journal of
financial and quantitative analysis, forthcoming.
66) Oseifuah, E. & Gyekye, A., (2017), “Working capital management and shareholders' wealth creation: evidence from nonfinancial firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange“, Investment Management & Financial Innovations, 14(1),
pp.80–88.
67) O’Callaghan, S., Ashton, J. and Hodgkinson, L. (2018), "Earnings management and managerial ownership in private firms",
Journal of Applied Accounting Research, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 648-668. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-11-2017-0124
68) Pandey, M. (2004), “Capital structure, profitability and market structure: evidence from Malaysia”, Asia Pacific Journal of
Economics and Business, Vol. 8 No. 2.
69) Prasad, S and Murinde, V (2001), “Corporate financial structure in developing economies: Evidence from a comparative
analysis of Thai and Malay corporation“, finance and development research programme, working paper series, no. 35.
70) Rajan, R. G. and Zingales, L. (1995), “What do we know about capital structure: Some evidence from international data“,
Journal of finance, Vol.50, pp.1421-1460.
71) Reddy, M.R., & Venugopal, M. (2016), “Impact of capital structure on firm’s profitability and shareholder wealth
maximization: A study of listed Indian cement companies“, IOSR Journal of Business and Management 18(4), 21-27.
72) Saleem, F. and Rafique, B. (2013), “The determination of capital structure of oil and gas firms listed on Karachi stock
exchange in Pakistan“, Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, Vol. 9, pp 225-235.
73) Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009), “Research methods for business students“, 5th Edition, Ed Harlow: Financial
Times/Prentice-Hall
74) Shin, T.,and You, J., (2017), “Pay for Talk: How the Use of Shareholder-Value Language Affects CEO Compensation“,
[online]. The Journal of Management Studies, 54(1), pp.88–117. Available at:
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1845703600/.
75) Karpavičius, S., and Yu, F., (2019), “Managerial risk incentives and a firm’s financing policy“, Journal of Banking and
Finance, 100, pp.167–181. 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.01.013.
76) Temile, S.O., Dadang, P.J., and Osamuyimen, E. (2016), “Firms Financing Choice in an Emerging Economy: The Nigerian
Context“, International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 3(2), 263-274.
77) Umar, M. et al (2012), “Impact of capital structure on firms’ financial performance: Evidence from Pakistan“, Research
journal of finance and accounting, Vol. 3 (9), pp 1-12.
78) Velnampy, T. and Niresh, J . A. (2012), “The relationship between capital structure and profitability“, Global journal of
management and business research, Vol.12 (13), no. 1.
79) Wafaa, S. (2010), “The determinant of capital structure: Evidence from GCC countries“, International research Journal of
finance and economics, ISSN 1450-2887, issue 47.
80) Wang, L. & Lin, P.T., (2017), “Who benefits from political connections? Minority investors or controlling
shareholders“, Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 24(1-2), pp.1–22.
81) Zou, H. and Xiao, J. Z. (2006), “The financing behavior of listed Chinese firms“, The British accounting review, Vol.38,
pp.239-258.