Exchange Rate and its Forecasting: Market-Based Forecasting and Forecasting with the Use of Currency Betas (βS)
Dr. Ioannis N. Kallianiotis
Economics/Finance Department the Arthur J. Kania School of Management University of Scranton Scranton, PA 18510-4602
https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i6-25ABSTRACT:
This paper is using the market-based and the currency beta (β) theories of exchange rate forecasting. It is testing empirically these theories by using data, spot and forward rates, from seven different countries with respect the U.S., as our domestic country. The countries are: U.S. with Euro-zone, Mexico, Canada, U.K., Switzerland, Japan, and Australia. The results show that both methods, the market-based forecasting and the currency betas are giving very good forecasting for these seven exchange rates by minimizing the standard error of the regression (SER) and the root mean squared error (RMSE). Of course, uncertainty exits always in the forecasting of any economic variables, due to unanticipated public policies (monetary, fiscal, and trade) and other “innovations” in our financial markets and new philosophies in our way of living.
KEYWORDS:
Demand for Money and Exchange Rate, Foreign Exchange, Forecasting and Simulation, Information and Market Efficiency, International Financial Markets
REFERENCES:
1) Arize, Augustine C., Theologos H. Bonitsis, Ioannis N. Kallianiotis, Krishna M. Kasibhatla, and John Malindretos (2000), Balance of Payments Adjustment: Macro Facets of International Finance Revisited, Westport, CT: Greenwood press.
2) Bhandari, Jagdeep S. and Bluford H. Putnam (1984), Economic Interdependence and Flexible Exchange Rates, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
3) Bilson, John (1978), “Rational Expectations and the Exchange Rate”, in The Economics of Exchange Rates, Edited by J. Frenkel and H.G. Johnson, Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.
4) Bollerslev, Tim (1986), “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity”, Journal of Econometrics, 31, pp. 307-327.
5) Buiter, William H. (2014), “Central Banks: Powerful, Political and Unaccountable?”, Discussion Paper No. 10223, October, pp. 1-50. https://www.academia.edu/8944668/Central_Banks_Powerful_Political_and_Unaccountable?email_work_card=view-paper
6) Canto, Victor A. and Marc A. Miles (1984), “Exchange Rates in a Global Monetary Model with Currency Substitution and Rational Expectations”, in Economic Interdependence and Flexible Exchange rates, edited by J. S. Bhandari and B. H. Putnam, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 157-175.
7) Chatfield, C. (1985), The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, Third Edition, New York: Chapman and Hall.
8) Chiang, T. (1991), “International Asset Pricing and Equity Market Risks”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 10, September, pp. 365-391.
9) Dickey, D. A. and W. A. Fuller (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, pp. 427-431.
10) Dornbusch, Rudiger (1978), “Monetary Policy under Exchange Rate Flexibility”, in Managed Exchange-Rate Flexibility: The Recent Experience, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Conference Series, No. 20.
11) Dornbusch, Rudiger (1976), “Expectations and Exchange rate Dynamics”, Journal of Political Economy, 84 (6), December, pp. 1161-1176.
12) Enders, Walter (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
13) Engle, Robert F. (1982), “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation”, Econometrica, 50, July, pp. 987-1007.
14) Engle, Robert F. and C. W. J. Granger (1987), “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, pp. 251-276.
15) Fama, E. (1970), “Efficient Capital markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work”, Journal of Finance, 25, May, pp. 383-417.
16) Frenkel, Jacob A. (1984), “Flexible Exchange Rates, Prices, and the Role of ‘News’: Lessons from the 1970s”, in Economic Interdependence and Flexible Exchange Rates, edited by J. S. Bhandari and B. H. Putnam, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 3-41.
17) Frenkel, Jacob A. (1983), Exchange Rates and International Macroeconomics, National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
18) Frenkel, Jacob A. and Michael L. Mussa (1980), “The Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Markets and Measures of Turbulence”, American Economic Review, 70, pp. 374-381.
19) Ghosh, Satyajit and Ioannis N. Kallianiotis (2012), “Uncertainty, Oil Prices, Debts, Deficits, and
20) Exchange Rates Dynamics”, unpublished manuscript, University of Scranton, June, pages 24.
21) Giovannini, A. and Philippe Jorion (1987), “Interest Rates and Risk Premia in the Stock Market and in the Foreign Exchange Market”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 6 (1), March, pp. 107-124.
22) Hodgson, Douglas J., Oliver Linton, and Keith Vorkink (2004), “Testing Forward Exchange Rate Unbiasedness Efficiently: A Semiparametric Approach”, Journal of Applied Economics, VII (I), May, pp. 325-353.
23) Hodrick, R. J. and E. C. Prescott (1997), “Postwar U.S. Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 29, pp. 1-16.
24) Isard, Peter (1980), “Expected and Unexpected Changes in Exchange Rates: The Role of Relative Price Levels, Balance-of-Payments Factors, Interest Rates and Risk”, Federal Reserve Board, International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 156.
25) Johansen, Soren (1991), “Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models”, Econometrica, 59, pp. 1551-1580.
26) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2022a), “Monetary Policy, Money Market, and exchange Rate
27) Determination”, International Journal of Business & Management Studies, Volume 03, Issue No. 05, May 12, 2022, pp. 1-https://ijbms.net/journal/173 and https://ijbms.net/assets/files/1652422507.pdf.Also, https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fijbms.net%2Farchives%2F23&data=05%7C01%7Cioannis.kallianiotis%40scranton.edu%7Cce9f650ff774457f0a9608da34a8fcd2%7Ca8edc49a41f14c699768a7f6d7c3b8c3%7C0%7C0%7C637880198755144630%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=XzNu5YT%2FLVvBdZmFEYVssZXHdTO6476PoUYQfJ6pA4I%3D&reserved=0
28) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2022b), “Trade Balance and Exchange Rate: The J-Curve”, Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, Volume 12, Issue 2, February, pp. 41-64. https://doi.org/10.47260/jafb/1223 and
https://www.scienpress.com/journal_focus.asp?main_id=56&Sub_id=IV&volid=520
29) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2021a), “Factors Affecting the Exchange Rate: Technical Forecasting”, World Journal of Business Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, October, pp. 10-33.
30) http://www.stslpress.org/journal/wjbr.
31) http://www.stslpress.org/static/upload/JournalArticle/WJBR-V1N1-p10.pdf?version=1.0.0
32) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2021b), “The Overshooting Model of Exchange Rate Determination”, International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, Volume 5, Issue 07, pp. 266-301.
33) http://ijebmr.com/link/796 and http://ijebmr.com/view/7/2021 . Also,
http://ijebmr.com/uploads/pdf/archivepdf/2021/IJEBMR_796.pdf
34) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2021c), “A Broader Portfolio-Balance Approach of Exchange Rate Determination”, International Journal of Business & Management Studies, Volume 02, Issue No 01, January, pp. 1-13. ISSN 2694-1430 (Print), 2694-1449 (Online). https://ijbms.net/current ,
35) https://ijbms.net/paper/79, and
file:///C:/Users/JK/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/51F9Y8AK/1612558904.pdf
36) Kallianiotis, John N. (2021d), “The New Monetary Policy: Its Social Cost and Benefits”,
37) Chapter 1, in Progress inEconomics Research, Volume 46, Albert Tavidze (Editor), pp. 1-111, Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, May, ISBN: 978-1-53619-704-4 (eBook) and ISBN: 1549-1552.
https://novapublishers.com/shop/progress-in-economics-research-volume-46/
38) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2020a), Financial Assets, Expected Return and Risk, Speculation,
39) Uncertainty, and Exchange Rate Determination”, European Research Studies Journal, Volume XXIII, Issue 3, pp. 3-30. Financial Assets, Expected Return and Risk, Speculation, Uncertainty, and Exchange Rate Determination ,View Article , Download Article , https://www.ersj.eu/issues/23/80
40) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2020b). “Exchange Rate Determination: The Portfolio-Balance Approach”, Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, Vol. 11, Issue 1, October 13, pp. 19-40.
41) http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JAFB/Vol%2011_1_2.pdf . Also,
https://www.scienpress.com/journal_focus.asp?Main_Id=56 and
https://www.scienpress.com/journal_focus.asp?main_id=56&Sub_id=IV&Issue=1969967
42) Kallianiotis, I.N. (2019a), “Monetary Policy: Is the Dual Mandate of the Fed Maximizing the Social Welfare?”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2019, pp. 112-142.
https://arpgweb.com/journal/5/archive/06-2019/6/5 , https://arpgweb.com/pdf-files/ijefr5(6)112-142.pdf
43) Kallianiotis, I.N. (2019b), “Monetary Policy, Real Cost of Capital, Financial Markets, and the Real Economic Growth”, Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, pp. 75-118.
44) http://www.scienpress.com/journal_focus.asp?main_id=56&Sub_id=IV&Issue=810815
45) http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JAFB/Vol%209_1_4.pdf
46) Kallianiotis, John N. (2019c), Foreign Exchange Rates and International Finance, Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, October, ISBN: 978-1-53616-550-0.
47) https://novapublishers.com/shop/foreign-exchange-rates-and-international-finance/
48) Kallianiotis, John N. (2018a), The European Union and its Debt Crises: The Deception of the Greeks, Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, August, ISBN: 978-1-53614-067-5.
https://novapublishers.com/shop/the-european-union-and-its-debt-crises-the-deception-of-the-greeks/
49) Kallianiotis, I.N. (2018b), “How Efficient is the Foreign Exchange Market?”, Athens Journal of Business and Economics, Volume 4, Issue 3, July, pp. 293-326. http://www.athensjournals.gr/ajbe/v4i3 and http://www.athensjournals.gr/business/2018-4-3-4-Kallianiotis.pdf
50) Kallianiotis, I.N. (2018c), “Exchange Rate Expectations”, Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, Vol. 8, Issue 2, March, pp. 101-134.
51) http://www.scienpress.com/journal_focus.asp?main_id=56&Sub_id=IV&Issue=519551 http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JAFB/Vol%208_2_5.pdf
52) Kallianiotis, I.N. (2018d), “Exchange Rate Dynamics: The Overshooting Model (with Sticky Prices)”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 38-45.
53) https://arpgweb.com/pdf-files/ijefr4(2)38-45.pdf https://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=5&info=archive&month=02-2018&issue=2&volume=4
54) Kallianiotis, J. N. (2017), “Central Banks, Monetary Policy, and their Efficiency”, (Chapter 1) in Monetary Policy: Perspectives, Strategies and Challenges, Harriet Ward (editor), New York: Nova Science Publishers.
55) Kallianiotis, J.N. (2013), Exchange Rates and International Financial Economics: History, Theories, and Practices, Palgrave Macmillan, October, pages 312, ISBN: 978-1-137-28322-1.
56) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2010), “Greece’s Interdependence with the European Union and her Loss to Society Function”, European Research Studies, XIII (4), pp. 3-30.
57) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2007), “Transmission Mechanism through Aggregate Demand andSupply and Public Policy Effectiveness between the U.S.A. and the EMU”, unpublished manuscript, University of Scranton, July, pages 34.
58) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (2002), “Saving and Investment: The Forecast Function of Interest Rate”,American Business Review, Vol. XX, No. 1, January, pp. 50-58.
59) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (1988), “A Theoretical Monetary and Real Approach to the Balance of Payments”, Greek Economic Review, 10(2), December, pp. 383-404.
60) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. (1985), Exchange Rates and Rational Expectations, Ph. D. Dissertation, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York.
61) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. and Karen Bianchi (2009), “Speculation, Uncertainty, Financial Assets
62) Expected Return and Risk, and Exchange Rate Determination”, unpublished manuscript, University of Scranton, November, pages 31.
63) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. and Anton Boutchev (1996), “Foreign Currency Forecasts: A CombiningAnalysis”, unpublished manuscript, University of Scranton, January, pages 35.
64) Kallianiotis, Ioannis N. and Jordan Petsas (2022), “Trade Deficit and Currency Devaluation: Testing the J-Curve”, Unpublished manuscript, University of Scranton, pages 35.
65) Krueger, Anne O. (1983), Exchange-Rate Determination, Cambridge Surveys of Economic Literature, New York: Cambridge
University Press.
66) Krugman, Paul (1984), “Oil and the Dollar”, in Economic Interdependence and Flexible Exchange Rates, edited by J. S.
Bhandari and B. H. Putnam, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 179-190.
67) Mishkin, Frederic S. (1983), A Rational Expectations Approach to Macroeconomics: Testing Policy Ineffectiveness and
Efficient-Markets Models, National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
68) Muth, J. F. (1961), “Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements”, Econometrica, 29, pp. 315-335.
69) Neely, Christopher and Lucio Sarno (2002), “How Well Do Monetary Fundamentals Forecast Exchange Rates?”, Review,
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, September/October, pp. 51-72.
70) Phillips, P. C. B. and P. Perron (1988), “Testing a Unit Root in Time Series Regression”, Biometrika, 75, pp. 335-346.
71) Taylor, John B. (1993). "Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice". Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy
39, pp. 195–214.
72) Tucker, Alan L, Jeff Madura, and Thomas C. Chiang (1991), International Financial Markets, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing
Company.